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The Roads of the Roma: a PEN zip of Gypsy Writers. Roma women tend to wear gold jewelry and headdresses decorated with coins. Archived from October 21, 2013, at the. Retrieved 22 June 2015. American Journal of Human Genetics. This is sometimes written with capital letter, to show that it designates an.
Further information: Linguistic and phonological research has traced the Roma people's first place of origin to places in the , specifically linking Proto-Romani groups to Central. The shares many features with the such as the , , and languages; it also shares connections with like , and the language itself contains a cluster of and words. Linguists use these phonological similarities as well as features of phonological developments which emerged during the early transition stage from to to conclude that the history of Romani began in Central India. Other factors such as and unwritten customs also suggest Central Indian origins of the Roma. The Roma find issues with recalling their own exact origin due to a lack of specific records left by ancestors. Their history however is retold by clan family customs, such as singing and storytelling. The Romani people are today found in many countries. Typically, Romani adopt given names that are common in the country of their residence. Seldom do modern Romani use traditional names from their own language, such as Papush, Luludi, Patrin, etc. Being the only Indo-Aryan language that has been spoken exclusively around Europe since the Middle Ages, speakers use many terms for their language. The English term, Romani, has been used by scholars since the 19th Century, where previously they had used the term 'Gypsy Language'. A bridesmaid at a Romani wedding in , Czech Republic 2006 photograph The traditional Romanies place a high value on the. Marriage and controversies Marriage in Romani society underscores the importance of family and demonstrates ties between different groups, often transnationally. Traditionally an is the desired set up, with the parents of each family looking for an ideal partner for their child. Parents rarely force a particular spouse on their child, although being married by your mid twenties is generally regarded as the norm. School, other marriages, and events are also a popular environment for finding a prospective spouse, however they should be supervised by an adult. With the emergence of such as and , and education in women becoming more prominent, traditional and conservative views are becoming less rigid. In some Roma groups, for example the , the idea of marriage is ignored altogether. Traditionally, it is a patriarchal society and is considered essential in unmarried women, this is because it is a visible representation of the girl's representation and the honour of her family. Men and women often marry young. The Romani practice of has generated controversy in many countries. A Romani patriarch, , ran afoul of Romanian authorities in late 2003 when he married off his youngest daughter, Ana-Maria at the age of twelve, well below the legal. Girls as young as twelve years old may be kidnapped for marriage to teenage boys. This practice has been reported in , , the , the , and. Kidnapping has been seen as a way to avoid a or a way for a girl to marry a boy she wants but that her parents do not want. The tradition's normalisation of kidnapping puts young women at higher risk of becoming victims of. The practices of bride kidnapping and child marriage are not universally accepted throughout Romani culture. Some Romani women and men seek to eliminate such customs. Romani customs often establish that the groom's family must pay a bride price to the bride's parents. This regulation affects many aspects of life and is applied to actions, people, and things. Purity and death Parts of the human body are considered impure: the genital organs, because they produce impure emissions, and the lower body. Fingernails and toenails must be filed with an emery board; cutting them with a clipper is taboo. Clothes for the lower body, as well as the clothes of menstruating women, are washed separately. Items used for eating are washed in a different place. Many of these practices are also present in. However, unlike the Hindu practice of burning the dead There are burial in certain Hindu traditions as well , Romani culture requires that the dead must be buried. Notable deviations from this practice exist among German Romanies and British , the latter holding a tradition of cremation similar to that of some Hindu cultures. Up until the mid-20th century they invariably burned the deceased person and all their earthly belongings, including the dwelling place, all which was considered spiritually impure. During the latter half of the 20th century British Romanichal began adopting the burial customs of their Continental cousins. It is believed the soul of the deceased does not officially enter until after the burial. Child upbringing Romani people incorporate their values into how they raise their children. There is an element of impurity placed upon both the mother and father after the mother gives birth. Traditionally, the couple will live with the father of the groom until their first child is born. An ethnic Romani is considered to be a in the Romani if he has no Romanipen. Sometimes a non-Romani may be considered to be a Romani if he has Romanipen, usually that is an child. As a concept, Romanipen has been the subject of interest to numerous academic observers. It has been hypothesized that it owes more to a rather than simply an adherence to historically received rules. Significant changes in Romani culture following the have been attributed to the suspension of these social norms as strict rules relating to food and to contact with certain classes of people broke down. This period also coincided with a perceived loss of authority invested in traditional leaders, the primary maintainers of Romanipen. Furthermore, the Roma who found themselves under Soviet control during the war, while deported to the east of the Urals and often persecuted, were generally left alone to follow their orthodox practices and thus preserved strict interpretations of Romanipen. However, the Roma who lived in other countries of eastern Europe, in the face of widespread discrimination and society's attempt of forced assimilation, often had to compromise their strict interpretation of the customs just in order to survive. As a result, the whole concept of Romanipen became interpreted differently among various Roma groups. Being a part of Romani society A considerable punishment for a Rom is expulsion from Romani society. Travelling Romanis left symbols or signposts for their traveling fellows, known as patrins an old word for leaf. Romani Code This section needs expansion. You can help by. June 2008 , or Romano Zakono, is the most important part of Romanipen. It is a set of rules for Romani life. Though Romani ethnic groups have different sets of rules, some rules are common for all. The oral Romani cultures are most likely to adhere to the Romani code, these communities are geographically spread. Romen isy but, a Zakono yekh in Ruska Roma's and dialects Rules of Romani Code describe relationships inside the Romani community and set limits for customs, behavior and other aspects of life. The Romani Code is not written; the Romani people keep it alive in oral tradition. The is a traditional institution for upholding and enforcing the Romani Code. The focus on generosity means sharing food is of great importance to some groups of Romani people. Making lavish meals to share with other Rom visitors is commonplace and in some cases not having food to share is considered shameful. Faith and religion The cult of in the shrine of , Southern France is a devotion associated with Catholic Romanies. Hinduism While in , the Romani people followed the religion. A Hindu foundation means that the concept of kuntari, a universal balance, is central to the people's spirituality. Kuntari means that all things belong in the universe according to their natural place. However, animals such as the flightless hen and frogs, an animal with the ability to negotiate land and water, are considered to be out of balance and are, therefore, inherently unlucky. Consequently, Romani avoid hens' eggs and frogs. If such taboos are broken, restoration of one's purity can only be attained through a trial overseen by a tribunal of Romani elders. This tribunal determines whether a person is guilty or innocent and, in the case of the former, the subject of the trial must complete a period of isolation for the purpose of eventual reinstatement in particularly severe cases of pollution, permanent estrangement has occurred, but this is apparently rare in the modern era. Such pollution taboos do not apply until a Romani has undergone. Christianity and Islam have been adopted by Romanis. Deities and saints is considered a patron saint of the Romani people in Roman Catholicism. Ceremonies and practices Romanies often adopt the dominant religion of their host country if a ceremony associated with a formal religious institution is necessary, such as a baptism or funeral their particular belief systems and indigenous religion and worship remain preserved regardless of such adoption processes. Adherence to this practice means that for the Romani who worship a Christian God, prayer is conducted through the , or her mother,. Shaktism continues over 1,000 years after the people's separation from India. Besides the Romani elders, who serve as spiritual leaders, priests, churches, or bibles do not exist among the Romanies. The only exception is the Pentecostal Roma. Following the Peace Treaty of Lausanne of 1923, many Muslims resettled Turkey, in the consequent population exchange between Turkey and Greece. In the Balkans, the Romanies of and southern Serbia, including the disputed territory of Kosovo, have been particularly active in Islamic mystical brotherhoods — immigrants to Western Europe and America have brought these traditions with them. The descendants' ancestors settled on the Crimean peninsula during the 17th and 18th centuries, but most descendants migrated to Ukraine, southern Russia and the Povolzhie along the Volga River. Formally, Islam is the religion that these communities align themselves with, and the people are recognized for its preservation of the Romani language and identity. Most Eastern European Romanies are , , or. In southern Spain, many Romani are , but this is a small minority that has emerged in contemporary times. In Egypt, the Romanis are split into Christian and Muslim populations. For countless years, dance has been considered a religious procedure for the Egyptian Romanies. In , the Romani people are Muslim and the male got a , while the majority of Romani in have maintained their European religions, with most following Orthodox Christianity. Evangelicalism Since , a growing number of Romanis have embraced movements. For the first time, Romanies became ministers and created their own, autonomous churches and missionary organizations. In some countries, the majority of Romani belong to the Romani churches. This unexpected change has greatly contributed to a better image of Romanis in society. The work they perform is seen as more legitimate, and they have begun to obtain legal permits for commercial activities. Evangelical Romani churches exist in every country where Romanis are settled. In Germany, the most numerous group is that of Polish Romanis, with their main church in. Other important and numerous Romani assemblies are in , , , and. Romani musicians entertaining The who perform at traditional Romanian weddings are virtually all Roma, although their music draws from a vast variety of ethnic traditions—for example Romanian, Turkish, Jewish, and Slavic—as well as Romani traditions. Probably the most internationally prominent contemporary performer in the lăutari tradition is. Flamenco music and dance came from the Romani in Spain; the distinctive sound of Romani music has also strongly influenced , , and in Europe. European-style is still widely practised among the original creators the Romani People ; one who acknowledged this artistic debt was. Classical music is very important in Eastern European cultures such as Hungary, Russia, and Romania. Performance practices by Romani musicians have influenced European classical composers such as and. Several renowned classical musicians are Romani. An 1852 poster advertising an auction of Romani slaves. Because of their nomadic lifestyle and differences in language and culture, Romanies and their more settled neighbours have held each other in distrust. The popular image of Romanies as and unfit for work contributed to their widespread persecution. Common complaints are that Romanies and live off and residents often reject Romani encampments. This law, which absorbs the into UK primary legislation, is seen by some to permit the granting of retrospective for Romani communities. Severe population pressures and the paucity of sites have led to travellers purchasing land and setting up residential settlements almost overnight, thus subverting the planning restrictions imposed on other members of the community. Travellers argued in response that thousands of retrospective planning permissions are granted in Britain in cases involving non-Romanies applicants each year and that statistics showed that 90% of planning applications by Romanies and travellers were initially refused by local councils, compared with a national average of 20% for other applicants, potentially disproving claims of preferential treatment favouring Gypsies. They also argued that the root of the problem was that many traditional stopping-places had been barricaded off and that legislation passed by the previous Conservative government had effectively criminalised their communities by removing local authorities' responsibility to provide sites, thus leaving the travellers with no option but to purchase unregistered new sites themselves. Law enforcement agencies in the United States hold regular conferences on the Romanies and similar nomadic groups. In Denmark, there was much controversy when the city of Helsingør decided to put all Romani students in special classes in its public schools. The classes were later abandoned after it was determined that they were discriminatory and the Romani were put back in regular classes. Romani in Eastern Europe Romani boy in bear costume, part of entertainer team for working Christmas crowds. In Eastern Europe, often live in depressed communities with very high , while only some are fully integrated in the society. However, in some cases—notably the clan in , who work as traditional —they have prospered. Although some Romani still embrace a nomadic lifestyle, most migration is actually forced, as most communities do not accept Romani settlements. However, each year in May approximately 10,000 to 15,000 Romani people pilgrimage to Les-Saintes-Marie-de-la-Mer in Southern France. Romani arrive in caravans for celebrations, weddings and religious ceremonies. Many countries that were formerly part of the and have substantial populations of Romanies. The level of of Romanies into society remains limited. In these countries, they usually remain on the margins of society, living in isolated, -like settlements see. Only a small fraction of Romani children graduate from secondary schools, though numerous official efforts have been made, past and present, to compel their attendance. Romanies frequently feel rejected by the state and the main population, creating another obstacle to their integration. In the Czech Republic, 75% of Romani children are educated in schools for people with learning difficulties and 70% are unemployed, compared with a national rate of 9%. In Hungary, 44% of Romani children are in special schools, while 74% of men and 83% of women are unemployed. In Slovakia, Romani children are 28 times more likely to be sent to a special school than non-Romani, whilst Romani unemployment stands at 80%. In some countries, dependence on social security systems is part of the problem. For some Romani families, it may be preferable to live on social security compared to low-paid jobs. That creates many new problems: anger against Romanies, conditions that produce crime, and extreme sensitivity to changes in social security. A good example of the latter is , where reduction of social security a family is paid allowance only for the first three children led to civil disorder in several Romani villages. In 2004, and of Hungary became the two current Romani. The first Romani MEP was of. Seven former Communist Central European and Southeastern European states launched the initiative in 2005 to improve the socioeconomic conditions and status of the Romani minority. Retrieved 12 March 2017. Received 9 March 2017. Romani Project- Romani Linguistics and Romani Language Projects. Retrieved 4 March 2015. O 13 August 2001. University of California Press. Retrieved 4 March 2015. 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